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عمومی::
TGF
, TGF- beta driven lung fibrosis is macrophage dependent and blocked by Serum amyloid P, Int.
, interleukins; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MCP-1/5, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/5 (CCL2/CCL12); MHCII, major histocompatibility complex class II; MIP- 1α/β, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha/beta (CCL3/CCL4); MNCs, mononuclear cells; MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases; MSCs, mesenchymal stromal cells; NF-κβ, nuclear factor kappa beta; PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; PGE-2, prostaglandin E-2; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages; TGF- β1, transforming growth factor beta 1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
M2 macrophages are stimulated by IL-4 and IL-13 and express high levels of the mannose receptor (CD206), dectin, interleukin 10 (IL-10), and transforming growth factor β (TGF- β).
A combination of M1-like and M2-like factors, such as IFN-γ, IL-6 and TGF- β are increased upon upregulation of GM-CSF in vivo, all of which have distinct roles in the wound healing process (Mann et al.
After the early inflammatory phase subsides, the predominant macrophage population assumes a wound-healing phenotype that is characterized by the production of numerous growth factors, including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor b1 (TGF-b1), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor a (VEGF-a), which promote cellular proliferation and blood- vessel development (Berse et al.
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